Meritocracy as a Category for Historical Analysis: Modern Concept, Ancient Practices
Two-day conference, University of Hamburg
7–8 September 2026
Co-organised by Carolin Gluchowski, Universität Hamburg (carolin.gluchowski(a)uni-hamburg.de<mailto:carolin.gluchowski@uni-hamburg.de>), and Asger Wienberg, Lund University (asger.wienberg(a)hist.lu.se<mailto:asger.wienberg@hist.lu.se>)
The term meritocracy is surprisingly young. Coined in the 1950s and popularised in the 1960s—most famously through Michael Young’s satirical The Rise of the Meritocracy—it belongs to the world of mass higher education, managerial capitalism, social mobility narratives, and expanding regimes of expertise and evaluation. In its application to contemporary societies, meritocracy appears to name a distinctive social and political ideal: a regime in which offices, rewards, and life chances are formally allocated according to individual merit, under conditions that claim to ensure equality of opportunity. At the same time, the concept is built around a deeply contested core. What counts as “merit”—talent, effort, virtue, credentials, character, productivity, contribution, some combination of these—is itself an object of ongoing dispute. In this frame, inequality is not simply taken for granted but is explained, and often normatively defended, as the outcome of performance rather than birth or privilege.
The idea that status should in some sense correspond to, mirror, or be proportionate to merit, however understood, is much older than the word meritocracy itself. From antiquity onwards, societies developed rich vocabularies and practices for making merit visible, assessable, and effective. Here “worth” is not a neutral synonym but a composite notion at the intersection of merit and status: it encompasses social recognition, moral evaluation, and institutionalised rank. Classical discourses of virtus and dignitas; medieval languages of meritum, deservingness, and grace; early modern concerns with worthiness, civility, manners, and ingenium (talent); and later grammars of excellence, qualification, and credentials all articulated different ways of relating personal qualities to positions in an ordered society. Long before anyone spoke of meritocracy, colleges, convents, guilds, schools, academies, churches, and civil services organised selection, formation, and advancement around articulated notions of desert and deservingness. These could be attached both to inherited status (for instance, nobility as a marker of “natural” or family merit) and to moral or behavioural criteria (the “deserving poor”), without necessarily presupposing a modern, open-ended meritocratic horizon in which all positions are in principle contestable.
Such regimes of merit and worth were negotiated, narrated, and preserved through a wide range of media that made claims to deservingness portable, comparable, and verifiable. Petitions and supplications to rulers, councils, bishops, and administrators; letters of recommendation and testimonial letters; applications for benefices, offices, scholarships, apprenticeships, or guild membership; examination scripts, certificates, and service records; and institutional registers such as matriculation books, ordination lists, promotion rolls, and disciplinary files all served to translate individual qualities into assessable claims. Crucially, they did not simply record merit once it had been measured; they helped to establish merit as a legitimate basis for social positioning and prestige. By framing appeals and justifications in terms of learning, virtue, service, or fitness for office, they contributed to making merit thinkable and actionable as a criterion for distributing honours, resources, and responsibilities. In later periods, these practices crystallised in more standardised application dossiers, including the curriculum vitae as a bureaucratic tool for comparing candidates across institutional settings.
Alongside these written genres, merit was also made visible and persuasive through visual, material, and architectural programmes. Founder portraits, mottoes such as Manners Makyth Man—the motto of New College, Oxford—gatehouse inscriptions, seals, stained glass, epitaphs, and monumental inscriptions in churches functioned as technologies of selection, legitimation, and encouragement. By staging exemplary lives, virtues, and careers, they made claims about fitness for honours publicly legible and socially compelling, offering models of formation to be emulated as much as thresholds to be passed. In many pre-modern European contexts, however, such programmes operated within conceptually bounded orders: there were limits, not only practical but normative, to how far merit could lift individuals across estates, orders, or confessional and gendered boundaries. The gradual weakening or removal of such conceptual limits—so that in principle “anyone” might aspire to “any” position—seems to be a crucial precondition for modern meritocracy.
Taken together, these written, visual, and material media did more than mirror existing hierarchies of merit. At the level of individual biography, they recorded particular achievements, services, and reputations. At the same time, they actively helped to produce merit as a social fact by translating virtue, labour, loyalty, learning, or accomplishment into legible forms that could circulate across institutions, be evaluated by authorities, and endure over time. They shaped expectations about what counted as evidence of desert, who was entitled to make claims, and how such claims could be ordered and compared.
This conference asks what happens if we deliberately adopt meritocracy as a category for historical analysis. Rather than treating it solely as a contemporary political slogan or a self-contained ideal, we invite historically grounded and conceptually ambitious contributions that test how far modern notions of meritocracy can travel across periods—and how earlier regimes of merit, worth, and deservingness might in turn sharpen, complicate, or destabilise contemporary understandings of the term.
What We Are Looking For
We are particularly interested in work that situates meritocracy at the intersection of phenomena often treated separately: capitalism and market society; individualisation and the making of subjects; financialisation and cultures of credit and risk; the expansion of education and credentialing; changing practices of evaluation and measurement; and processes of state formation and bureaucratisation. At the same time, we seek to keep in view longer genealogies of merit embedded in theological, philosophical, legal, and pedagogical traditions, as well as in the lived practices of institutions that sought to “make persons” through training, discipline, recognition, and exclusion. Particular attention to pre-modern and early modern contexts—often structured by estate- or order-based societies in which merit operated within clear social and conceptual bounds—is especially welcome.
Possible contributions might explore conceptual histories of merit, desert, deservingness, and worth; institutional regimes and practices of selection, formation, and promotion; examinations, credentials, petitions, applications, and careers; visual, material, and architectural cultures that render merit legible; the relationship between older grammars of virtue and desert and newer logics of performance, metrics, and comparison (including challenges to this dichotomy); or the entanglement of merit with other principles of stratification, such as birth, patronage, wealth, gender, or confession. Papers that move between pre-modern and modern settings, trace longue durée transformations, or place European cases in comparative or global perspective are particularly encouraged. We also welcome historically grounded engagements with contemporary debates around meritocracy—its promises, failures, and role in legitimising inequality—where these debates are illuminated by historical material rather than simply echoed.
A central concern of the conference is methodological. To what extent can historians legitimately use meritocracy as an analytical lens for periods that did not possess the term, but did articulate and institutionalise ideas of merit, desert, and deservingness? When does the concept clarify historical dynamics, and when does it risk blurring distinctions that mattered to historical actors themselves? How do different regimes of merit relate to changing conceptions of justice, agency, fortune, predetermination, and the common good?
The conference also foregrounds the media of meritocracy. While modern analyses often focus on examinations, grades, rankings, and dashboards as instruments of sorting and legitimation, historical research shows that images, buildings, inscriptions, petitions, applications, curricula vitae, and spatial arrangements have long functioned as diagrams of merit. We invite papers that take seriously these visual, spatial, and material dimensions: how do portraits, monuments, mottoes, honour rolls, application practices, league tables, admissions brochures, or contemporary data visualisations stage and stabilise particular orders of worth? How do such devices operate as thresholds that both open and filter, promising formation while testing conformity?
We are not primarily seeking presentist position papers that simply celebrate or condemn meritocracy in the abstract, nor empirical studies that use “meritocracy” merely as a loose synonym for qualification, competition, or fairness without probing its conceptual and historical specificity. Normative and theoretical reflections are welcome, but they should be anchored in concrete historical materials—texts, images, institutions, and practices—and attentive to historical difference and the risk of anachronism.
What to Expect
The conference will bring together approximately ten to twelve participants for a two-day event at the University of Hamburg, held on 7–8 September 2026. The programme will combine standard papers (20–25 minutes), shorter lightning contributions (5–10 minutes) for work in progress or conceptual provocations, and extended discussion sessions. A short excursion in Hamburg may be included, subject to feasibility. Selected papers will be considered for publication as a themed issue in a peer-reviewed international journal such as Journal of the History of Ideas or Cultural History.
We anticipate being able to cover accommodation and at least part of participants’ travel and subsistence costs from external funding (details to follow).
Scholars at all career stages are invited to apply; early-career researchers are particularly encouraged. The working language of the conference is English.
How to Apply
Please submit a single PDF including an abstract of 300–400 words outlining argument, sources, period, and engagement with meritocracy as an analytical category, together with a short biographical note (max. 150 words, including affiliation and up to five relevant publications or projects). If you have a preference for a full paper or a lightning contribution, please indicate this. Proposals should be sent to the organisers by 15 February 2026 (carolin.gluchowski(a)uni-hamburg.de; asger.wienberg(a)hist.lu.se) Applicants will be notified by 28 February 2026. Draft papers (approx. 3,000–5,000 words) should be submitted by 31 July 2026.
[cid:5D90EC23-C402-466F-9848-DFDDEF33E0C8] [cid:765F6198-248F-4E94-BEA6-09552631669A]
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Dear colleagues,
We are pleased to invite proposals for the Tenth Norwegian History of Science Conference (NHSC10), which is being organized by NVF - The Norwegian Association for the History of Science<https://foreninger.uio.no/nvf/english/>, and hosted in Bergen, Norway, 5-7 November 2025.
The theme of the conference is "Science and Communication"
About the Conference
The Norwegian History of Science Conference brings together scholars working on the history of science, medicine and technology on any theme, topic, or period to discuss historical, epistemological, political, institutional, and ethical issues of relevance to both Scandinavian and international audiences, welcoming researchers of all nationalities at all stages of their careers. The tenth conference in the series coincides with the 200th anniversary of Bergen Museum, the origins of the University of Bergen, and the local organizers extend a special invitation to those involved in history of science, medicine and technology taking place at museums and collections.
The first Norwegian Conference on the History of Science was organized in Oslo in 2008 with the aim of establishing a national network for historians of science, medicine and technology. Since then, the conference has been hosted biannually in Tromsø, Trondheim, Oslo, and Bergen, and the conference has established itself as a forum for both national and international exchange of ideas and collaboration. At the ninth conference held in Trondheim in 2023, NVF - The Norwegian Association for the History of Science was established to serve as host of the conference.
Theme
The overarching theme of this year's conference is "Science and Communication", understood in a broad sense. Twenty years ago, James Secord argued for studying science as communication, stressing the ways that ideas and practices were moved from one place to another. Following his call, historians of science have offered detailed studies of communication devices such as newspapers, public talks and demonstrations, movies, radio, and the internet have shaped what and how we know things. Others have studied ways to communicate, display, or store scientific knowledge and objects, for example in museums and collections. In the museum sector there has been an increased tendency to address ethical issues associated with the origins of their collections. Several studies have also offered new insights into who has been deemed the ideal science communicator, as well as how ideas about science audiences have changed. Last, but not least, a growing number of studies have offered invaluable insights into what knowledge has been deemed not suitable for communication, or what happens when knowledge is produced against the wishes of the scientist.
While the main theme of the conference is "Science and Communication", papers and panels on other topics related to the history of science, medicine and technology are equally welcome, as the conference aims to reflect ongoing activities in the field and continue to provide an important meeting point.
Keynote lectures will be given by Anne Eriksen from the University of Oslo and Staffan Bergwik from Stockholm University. Eriksen will talk about "Bergen Museum 1825. Knowledge for a Public Sphere", while Bergwik will talk about "Epochs, Trajectories, Rhythms: Visions of Historical Time and Scientific Knowledge in the 20th Century".
Guide for contributors
Proposals for individual papers, organized sessions, and alternative types of sessions (such as round tables, workshops, exhibitions or shorter pitching sessions), are welcomed. Ordinary presentations will be scheduled for 20 minutes. No speaker may present in more than one session. Abstracts will be reviewed by the Programme Committee based on their scientific merit and relevance.
Session proposals should include:
? a brief description of the panel's aims (150 words maximum)
? a session title
? an individual abstract for each paper in the session (250 words maximum)
? full contact details of the organizer and all speakers (including affiliation/postal address and email addresses)
? details of any specific audiovisual equipment required (beyond PPT).
Individual paper proposal should include:
? a paper title
? an abstract (250 words maximum)
? full name and contact details (including affiliation/postal address and email address)
? details of any specific audiovisual equipment required (beyond PPT)
All proposals should be sent as a single electronic document to: historyofscience10(a)gmail.com<mailto:historyofscience10@gmail.com>. Please note that in-person attendance is expected. The conference language is English, although limited parts of the program may be in Scandinavian languages.
The deadline for submissions is May 15, 2025. A conference website will be set up at https://nhsc10.w.uib.no (in development). For any queries regarding the conference, please contact magnus.vollset(a)uib.no<mailto:magnus.vollset@uib.no>
Best regards,
Annette Lykknes, Chair of The Norwegian Association for the History of Science
Magnus Vollset. Chair of the local organizing committee
Kära kollega,
Den 11 februari 2026 klockan 9:00 till 12:00 arrangerar SULF vid Södertörns högskola symposium om hoten mot den akademiska friheten:
https://www.saco.se/fortroendevald/lokalt-fackligt-arbete/lokala-akademiker…
Hoten mot den akademiska friheten
saco.se
Alla intresserade hälsas hjärtligt välkomna!
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Henrik Arnstad, M.A.
Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik / Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies
Södertörns Högskola / Södertörn University
Stockholm, Sweden
henrik.arnstad(a)sh.se

Hej!
Nu är call for papers ute för teknik- och vetenskapshistoriska dagarna 2026, all information finns här Nationalkommittén för teknik- och vetenskapshistoria<https://teknikochvetenskapshistoria.se/>
Hjälp oss gärna att sprida detta.
Vi ser fram emot att se er i Göteborg i Augusti!
/Organisationskommittén genom Anna Åberg
Anna Åberg
Division of Science, Technology and Society
Department of Technology Management and Economics
Chalmers University of Technology
Phone: 031-772 5178
E:mail: anna.aberg(a)chalmers.se<mailto:anna.aberg@chalmers.se>
Webpage: Chalmers Research: Anna Åberg<https://research.chalmers.se/en/person/abergan>
